The Conversation

Nasal vaccines promise to stop the COVID-19 virus before it gets to the lungs – an immunologist explains how they work

Written by Michael W. Russell, Professor Emeritus of Microbiology and Immunology, University at Buffalo

Nasal vaccines for COVID-19 are still in early development.Paul Biris/Moment via Getty Images

The Pfizer-BioNTech and Moderna mRNA vaccines have played a large role in preventing deaths and severe infections from COVID-19. But researchers are still in the process of developing alternative approaches to vaccines to improve their effectiveness,...

Social media always remembers – which makes moving on from a breakup that much harder

Written by Kate G. Blackburn, Post Doctoral Researcher, The University of Texas at Austin College of Liberal Arts

There's no playbook for how to navigate breakups in the digital age.Sean Gladwell/Moment via Getty Images

Before the internet, people commonly burned Polaroids and love letters in a fire as an act of closure following a breakup.

Nowadays, it isn’t so simple. People produce and consume massive amounts of digital stuff – 33 trillion...

Mpox, AIDS and COVID-19 show the challenges of targeting public health messaging to specific groups without causing stigma

Written by Ken Ho, Assistant Professor of Infectious Diseases, University of Pittsburgh Health Sciences

Fear-based public health messaging can both motivate and alienate at-risk groups.AP Photo/Gillian Allen

During infectious disease outbreaks, clinicians and public health officials are tasked with providing accurate guidance for the public on how to stay safe and protect themselves and their loved ones. However, sensationalized media coverage can...

As viral infections skyrocket, masks are still a tried-and-true way to help keep yourself and others safe

Written by Emily Toth Martin, Assistant Professor of Epidemiology, University of Michigan

Masks are an easy and low-cost way to reduce the amount of virus entering the air and spreading to others.william87/iStock via Getty Images Plus

The cold and flu season of 2022 has begun with a vengeance. Viruses that have been unusually scarce over the past three years are reappearing at remarkably high levels, sparking a “tripledemic”...

The Catholic view on indulgences and how they work today

Written by Myriam Renaud, Affiliated Faculty of Bioethics, Religion, and Society, Department of Religious Studies, DePaul University

The National Shrine of Saint Frances Xavier Cabrini in Chicago recently offered indulgences.Myriam Renaud, CC BY-NC

In 1517, the German theologian Martin Luther nailed 95 theses to Wittenberg’s Castle Church door, attacking indulgences, a Catholic practice that, according to church teachings, can reduce or eliminate punishment for sin....

Why fusion ignition is being hailed as a major breakthrough in fusion – a nuclear physicist explains

Written by Carolyn Kuranz, Associate Professor of Nuclear Engineering, University of Michigan

The target chamber at the National Ignition Facility has been the site of a number of breakthroughs in fusion physics.U.S. Department of Energy/Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory

American scientists have announced what they have called a major breakthrough in a long-elusive goal of creating energy from nuclear fusion.

The U.S. Department of...

Federal Reserve just hiked interest rates for the 7th time this year – so why are mortgage rates coming down?

Written by D. Brian Blank, Assistant Professor of Finance, Mississippi State University

Homebuyers are receiving something of a holiday gift in falling mortgage costs.Andrii Yalanskyi/Getty Images

The Federal Reserve raised interest rates by half a percentage point on Dec. 14, 2022, to a range of 4.25 to 4.5%, the seventh increase this year. So far in 2022, the Fed has lifted its benchmark short-term rate, which influences most other...

Arctic Report Card 2022: The Arctic is getting rainier and seasons are shifting, with broad disturbances for people, ecosystems and wildlife

Written by Matthew L. Druckenmiller, Research Scientist, National Snow and Ice Data Center (NSIDC), Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences (CIRES), University of Colorado Boulder

Rainier winters make life more difficult for Arctic wildlife and the humans who rely on them.Scott Wallace/Getty Image

In the Arctic, the freedom to travel, hunt and make day-to-day decisions is profoundly tied to cold and frozen conditions for much of the year. These conditions are rapidly changing as the Arctic warms.

The Arctic is now seeing more...

Are snow days about to get buried by remote learning? Not quite -- but it depends on where you live

Written by Nathan M. Sorber, Associate Professor of Higher Education, West Virginia University

When communities are buried in snow, as Buffalo, N.Y., was in November 2022, school sometimes stays in session – remotely.AP Photo/Carolyn Thompson

Snow days, a nostalgic rite of passage for generations of students across the northern United States, might seem destined to be a memory of school days past. For nearly a century, schools have...

Timing matters for medications – your circadian rhythm influences how well treatments work and how much they might harm you

Written by Tobias Eckle, Professor of Anesthesiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus

Chronotherapeutic drug delivery aims to maximize treatment effectiveness and minimize side effects.Vaselena/iStock via Getty Images Plus

All living organisms on Earth are exposed to a 24-hour day-night cycle. This cycle is the reason why people rest during the darkness of night and are active during the light of day. Consequently, all human body...