The Conversation

British troops massacred Indians in Amritsar -- and a century later, there's been no official apology

Written by Sumit Ganguly, Distinguished Professor of Political Science and the Tagore Chair in Indian Cultures and Civilizations, Indiana University

Jallianwala Bagh, in Amritsar, India, where hundreds were killed on April 13, 1919, under British colonial rule.AP Photo/Prabhjot Gill

The Archbishop of Canterbury Justin Welby recently visited the site of a brutal massacre that happened in 1919 under the British colonial rule in India and offered his personal apologies. He expressed his...

At these colleges, students begin serious research their first year

Written by Nancy Stamp, Professor, Binghamton University, State University of New York

Akibo Watson, Corinne Fischer, Ashley Berlot and Jarrett Sannerud, second-year neuroscience students at Binghamton University, preparing reagents for team’s Parkinson disease projectJonathan Cohen/Binghamton University

Rat brains to understand Parkinson’s disease. Drones to detect plastic landmines. Social media to predict acts of...

The Senate filibuster explained – and why it should be allowed to die

Written by Daniel Wirls, Professor of Politics, University of California, Santa Cruz

The filibuster is like a stoplight that's always red. AP Photo/J. Scott Applewhite

Sen. Elizabeth Warren is the latest Democrat to argue an arcane Senate rule governing debate stands in the way of passing a progressive agenda, such as meaningful gun control.

The procedure, known as the filibuster, allows a 41-vote minority in the Senate to block...

The bizarre social history of beds

Written by Brian Fagan, Distinguished Professor Emeritus in Anthropology, University of California, Santa Barbara

For centuries, people thought nothing of crowding family members or friends into the same bed.miniwide/Shutterstock.com

Groucho Marx once joked, “Anything that can’t be done in bed isn’t worth doing at all.” You might think he was referring to sleeping and sex. But humans, at one time or another, have done just about...

Why Sikhs wear a turban and what it means to practice the faith in the United States

Written by Simran Jeet Singh, Henry R. Luce Post-Doctoral Fellow in Religion in International Affairs Post-Doctoral Fellow, New York University

People participate in a candlelight vigil near the White House to protest violence against Sikhs in 2012.AP Photo/Susan Walsh

An elderly Sikh gentleman in Northern California, 64-year-old Parmjit Singh, was recently stabbed to death while taking a walk in the evening. Authorities are still investigating the killer’s motive, but community...

Climate explained: why carbon dioxide has such outsized influence on Earth's climate

Written by Jason West, Professor of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill

The Orbiting Carbon Observatory satellite makes precise measurements of Earth's carbon dioxide levels from space.NASA/JPLCC BY-ND

Climate Explained is a collaboration between The Conversation, Stuff and the New Zealand Science Media Centre to answer your questions about climate change.

If you have a question you’d like an expert to answer,...

A newly designed vaccine may help stamp out remaining polio cases worldwide

Written by Patricia L. Foster, Professor Emerita of Biology, Indiana University

The oral polio vaccine is most commonly used in the developing world, despite one big problem.CDC/Alan Janssen, MSPH, CC BY

Public health organizations around the world have been fighting for global eradication of polio since 1988. Through massive vaccination efforts, the incidence of polio has gone down 99% since then, with the virus eradicated...

Why carbon dioxide has such outsized influence on Earth's climate

Written by Jason West, Professor of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill

The Orbiting Carbon Observatory satellite makes precise measurements of Earth's carbon dioxide levels from space.NASA/JPL

I am often asked how carbon dioxide can have an important effect on global climate when its concentration is so small – just 0.041% of Earth’s atmosphere. And human activities are responsible for just 32% of that...

The womb isn't sterile – healthy babies are born with bacteria and fungi in their guts

Written by Kent Willis, Assistant Professor of Neonatology, University of Tennessee

New research suggests that a newborn is exposed to bacteria and fungi in the womb.stockce/Shutterstock

For the last hundred years, scientists have believed that humans develop in a womb that remains sterile and completely isolated from the collection of bacteria, fungi and viruses that make us sick when we emerge into the outside world.

This theory...

Anti-vaccination mothers have outsized voice on social media – pro-vaccination parents could make a difference

Written by Brooke W. McKeever, Associate Professor, University of South Carolina

Vaccinations are important to protect against a host of diseases.www.shutterstock.com

A high school student from Ohio made national headlines recently by getting inoculated despite his family’s anti-vaccination beliefs.

Ethan Lindenberger, 18, who never had been vaccinated, had begun to question his parents’ decision not to immunize...