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The Conversation USA

What damage did the US do to Iran’s nuclear program? Why it’s so hard to know

  • Written by Joshua Rovner, Associate Professor of International Relations, American University
imageGen. Dan Caine, chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, describes the U.S. military attack on Iranian nuclear sites, which occurred on June 21, 2025, .AP Photo/Alex Brandon

The U.S. Air Force dropped a dozen ground-penetrating bombs, each weighing 30,000 pounds (13,607 kilograms), in a raid on Iran’s nuclear site at Fordo on June 21, 2025. The...

Read more: What damage did the US do to Iran’s nuclear program? Why it’s so hard to know

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  3. AI is advancing even faster than sci-fi visionaries like Neal Stephenson imagined
  4. Despite claims they’d move overseas after the election, most Americans are staying put
  5. Philadelphia’s $2B affordable housing plan relies heavily on municipal bonds, which can come with hidden costs for taxpayers
  6. Humans and animals can both think logically − but testing what kind of logic they’re using is tricky
  7. Mexican flags flown during immigration protests bother white people a lot more than other Americans
  8. Keeping brain-dead pregnant women on life support raises ethical issues that go beyond abortion politics
  9. In LGBTQ+ storybook case, Supreme Court handed a win to parental rights, raising tough questions for educators
  10. Pop, soda or coke? The fizzy history behind America’s favorite linguistic debate
  11. The hidden cost of convenience: How your data pulls in hundreds of billions of dollars for app and social media companies
  12. Why the US bombed a bunch of metal tubes − a nuclear engineer explains the importance of centrifuges to Iranian efforts to build nuclear weapons
  13. Bill Moyers’ journalism strengthened democracy by connecting Americans to ideas and each other, in a long and extraordinary career
  14. Invasive carp threaten the Great Lakes − and reveal a surprising twist in national politics
  15. 1 in 4 Americans reject evolution, a century after the Scopes monkey trial spotlighted the clash between science and religion
  16. Who’s the most American? Psychological studies show that many people are biased and think it’s a white English speaker
  17. Here’s a way to save lives, curb traffic jams and make commutes faster and easier − ban left turns at intersections
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  19. What’s at risk for Arctic wildlife if Trump expands oil drilling in the fragile National Petroleum Reserve-Alaska
  20. 1 in 3 Florida third graders have untreated cavities – how parents can protect their children’s teeth
  21. How can the James Webb Space Telescope see so far?
  22. From the marriage contract to breaking the glass under the chuppah, many Jewish couples adapt their weddings to celebrate gender equality
  23. Universities in every state care for congressional papers that document US political history − federal cuts put their work at risk
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  25. Supreme Court upholds childproofing porn sites
  26. What the Supreme Court ruling against ‘universal injunctions’ means for court challenges to presidential actions
  27. Michelin Guide scrutiny could boost Philly tourism, but will it stifle chefs’ freedom to experiment and innovate?
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  29. How Zohran Mamdani’s win in the New York City mayoral primary could ripple across the country
  30. Cyberattacks shake voters’ trust in elections, regardless of party
  31. Why energy markets fluctuate during an international crisis
  32. Scandinavia has its own dark history of assimilating Indigenous people, and churches played a role – but are apologizing
  33. Jews were barred from Spain’s New World colonies − but that didn’t stop Jewish and converso writers from describing the Americas
  34. Supreme Court rules that states may deny people covered by Medicaid the freedom to choose Planned Parenthood as their health care provider
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  36. Toxic algae blooms are lasting longer in Lake Erie − why that’s a worry for people and pets
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  42. Self-censorship and the ‘spiral of silence’: Why Americans are less likely to publicly voice their opinions on political issues
  43. Detroit restaurants identified as ‘Black-owned’ on Yelp saw a slight drop in business ratings
  44. Using TikTok could be making you more politically polarized, new study finds
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